Sesión de Póster IV
Modera: José María Labeaga Azcona
16 de Julio, 09:15 horas - Sala Eco2Número de Comunicaciones: 6
A402 - Differences in life expectancy between self-employed workers and paid employees when retirement pensioners: evidence from Spanish social security records
Pérez-Salamero González, Juan Manuel; Regúlez Castillo, Marta; Vidal Meliá, Carlos
The aim of this paper is to examine differences in life expectancy (LE) between self-employed (SE) and paid employee (PE) workers when they become retirement pensioners, looking at levels of pension income using administrative data from Spanish social security records. We draw on the Continuous Sample of Working Lives (CSWL) to quantify changes in total life expectancy at age 65 (LE65) among retired men over the longest possible period covered by this data source: 2005–2018. These changes are broken down by pension regime and initial pension income level for three periods. The literature presents mixed evidence, even for the same country – for Japan and Italy, for example – with some studies pointing to higher life expectancy for SE than for PE retirement pensioners while others argue the opposite. In Spain LE65 is slightly higher for the SE than for PE workers when retirement pensioners. For 2005-2010, a gap in life expectancy of 0.23 years between SE and PE retirement pensioners is observed. This widens to 0.55 years for 2014–2018. A similar trend can be seen if pension income groups are considered. For 2005-2010, the gap in LE65 between pensioners in the lowest and highest income groups is 1.20 years. This widens over time and reaches 1.51 years for 2014–2018. Although these differences are relatively small, they are statistically significant. According to our research the implications for policy on social security are evident: differences in life expectancy by socioeconomic status and pension regime should be taken into account for a variety of issues involving social security schemes. These include establishing the age of eligibility for retirement pensions and early access to benefits, computing the annuity factors used to determine initial retirement benefits, and valuing the liabilities taken on for retirement pensioners.
A403 - Mortality and life expectancy trends for male pensioners by pension income level
Pérez-Salamero González, Juan Manuel; Regúlez Castillo, Marta; Vidal Meliá, Carlos
We draw on the Continuous Sample of Working Lives (CSWL) to investigate the differences in socioeconomic mortality among retired men aged 65 and above, over the longest possible period covered by this data source: 2005–2018. This paper deals with the case of Spain, since very little evidence concerning retirement pensioners is available for this country. The only indicator of socioeconomic status we use is the amount of the initial pension of the retired population. For 2005-2010 we find a gap in life expectancy of 1.49 years between pensioners in the highest and lowest income groups. This gap widens over time and reaches 2.58 years for the period 2015–2018. The increase in life expectancy inequality cannot be attributed to the pension system reforms carried out over the period 2011-2013, given that the system has become more redistributive and there has been a clear increase in real terms in the size of minimum pensions over recent years. The causes might be traced back to the decrease in public spending on health over the period 2009-2018 and the increased spending on private health, which would presumably be of more benefit to those retirees with bigger pensions.
A404 - The supplementary table on pensions (Table 29): improving its usefulness.
Pérez-Salamero González, Juan Manuel; Garvey, Anne M.; Ventura Marco, Manuel; Vidal Meliá, Carlos
Since 2017 EU regulations have required all Member States to disclose their accrued-to-date pension liability (ADL) using a standard actuarial cost method and some common assumptions. This applies to both Social Security Schemes (SSSs) and unfunded defined benefit (DB) schemes covering civil servants. These pension liabilities have to be disclosed in a supplementary table, referred to as Table 29. The Actuarial Balance Sheet (ABS) can be defined as a financial statement, listing a pension system's obligations to contributors and pensioners at a particular date, together with the amounts of the assets (financial and in particular those from contributions) that underwrite those commitments. The ABS can be used to assess the solvency of SSSs, whereas Table 29 cannot. The paper develops a methodology to (easily) transform Table 29 into an ABS and to compile its associated Income statement (IS). To enable policymakers to better understand how the model would function, the paper also contains a country case study based on data from the most recently published Table 29 for Spain. From our best estimate assumptions, it can be said that the Spanish pension system is partially insolvent, only part of the pension entitlements is backed up by assets, and that the system's sustainability has severely worsened in the period 2015-2018.
A518 - Evaluating the eco-efficiency of wastewater treatment plants: Comparison of optimistic and pessimistic approaches
Molinos-Senante, María; Mocholi-Arce, Manuel; Gómez, Trinidad; Caballero, Rafael; Sala-Garrido, Ramón
The assessment of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) performance has gained the interest of water utilities and water regulators. Eco-efficiency has been identified as a powerful indicator, as it integrates economic and environmental variables into a single index. Most previous studies have employed traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) for the evaluation of WWTP eco-efficiency. However, DEA allows the selection of input and output weights for individual WWTPs for the calculation of eco-efficiency scores. To overcome this limitation, we employed the double-frontier and common set of weights methods to evaluate the eco-efficiency of a sample of 30 WWTPs in Spain. The WWTPs were ranked based on eco-efficiency scores derived under several scenarios including best- and worst-case scenarios; this approach to performance assessment is reliable and robust. Twenty-six of the 30 WWTPs were not classified as eco-efficient, even under the most favorable scenario, indicating that these facilities have substantial room for the reduction of costs and greenhouse gas emissions. The ranking of WWTPs varied according to the scenario used for evaluation, which has notable consequences when eco-efficiency scores are used for regulatory purposes. The findings of this study are relevant for water regulators and water utilities, as they demonstrate the importance of weight allocation for eco-efficiency score estimation.
A519 - Determinación de la E- Frontera de Pareto para el gasto militar, desarrollo humano y paz mediante programación multiobjetivo.
Vallejo Rosero, Patricio; García-Centeno, María del Carmen; Delgado-Antequera, Laura; Fosado, Osvaldo; Caballero, Rafael
Recurrimos a la optimización multiobjetivo para determinar una ?-Frontera de Pareto para tres objetivos en conflicto el Gasto Militar, Índice de desarrollo humano e Índice global de paz a partir del comportamiento de variables de decisión que tienen relación con aspectos presupuestarios, condiciones de seguridad, comercio, tecnología y libertades de la población. La inclusión del concepto de ?-Frontera de Pareto en la optimización tiene por objeto lograr variación en el conjunto de las variables de decisión de tal forma que los valores ideales de los objetivos puedan ser alcanzados con la implantación de políticas públicas posibles dentro de la realidad de cada país en estudio. El modelo se convierte en una herramienta para que el tomador de decisiones evidencie los efectos de compensación entre los objetivos cuando establece un nivel deseado para uno de ellos y, las políticas publicas que debe aplicar en los diferentes sectores, para alcanzar las condiciones requeridas en las variables de decisión.
A522 - Evaluación de compañías de seguros de No-Vida con metodología multicriterio
Bilbao-Terol, Amelia; Arenas-Parra, Mar; Quiroga-García, Raquel; Bilbao-Terol, Celia; Jiménez López, Mariano
En este trabajo se desarrolla un método de toma de decisiones multicriterio (MCDM) para ordenar un conjunto de compañías de seguros de no-vida. El método propuesto combina dos MCDM: el Best-Worst intervalar (IBW) y el punto de referencia múltiple (MRP). Aplicaremos el primer método para obtener un vector de prioridades a partir de intervalos utilizados por el decisor para describir la importancia relativa de un criterio sobre otro. A continuación, se emplea el MRP para obtener una puntuación global para cada alternativa utilizando las ponderaciones establecidas en la etapa anterior. Se aplica el método desarrollado para ordenar un conjunto de compañías de seguros de no-vida españolas. Hemos trabajado con 83 compañías durante el periodo 2009-2017, obteniendo un ranking para cada año del periodo. Los resultados demuestran la utilidad del método propuesto.